Author: uopcregenmed

INTRODUCTION

The Nigerian gas and oil prices industry is the main source of revenue for your government and has now an industry price of about $20 billion. It is Nigeria’s main way to obtain export and foreign currency earnings as well as a major employer of labour. A combination in the crash in crude oil price to below $50 per barrel and post-election restiveness in Nigeria’s Niger-Delta region generated the promise of force majeure by many international oil companies (IOC) operating in Nigeria. The commitment of force majeure led to shutdown of operations, abandonment or selling of interests in oil fields and laying off of staff by foreign and indigenous oil companies. Although the above occurrences contributed to the drag inside Industry, perhaps, the most important cause would be the unfruitful presence in the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) since the dominant player inside the Industry (owning about 55 to sixty percent interest inside OMLs).

While, it can be unfortunate that numerous IOC’s playing inside Industry divested their interests in oil mining leases (OMLs) and oil prospecting leases (OPLs) granted for them by the FGN; then again, it really is a positive development that indigenous companies acquired the divested interests from the affected OMLs and OPLs. Hence, domestic investors and firms (Nigerians) now take over the opportunity and significant role to play from the sustainable advancement of Nigerian coal and oil industry.

This paper x-rays the roles expected of Nigerians plus the extent they have successfully discharged same. It also blogs about the challenges which might be inhibiting the sustainable development on the industry. This paper finds that this chief factor limiting domestic investors from efficiently playing their role inside the sustainable continuing development of the companies are the overbearing presence in the FGN inside Industry as well as inability to fulfil its obligations to be a dominant player from the Industry.

In the beginning, this paper discusses the roles of domestic investors, and inside second part, this paper looks at the challenges and factors that inhibit domestic investors in sustainably performing the identified roles.

THE ROLE OF DOMESTIC INVESTORS/COMPANIES

The roles domestic investors play to promote sustainable rise in the gas and oil prices industry include:

Providing Capital
Enhancing Personnel and Technical Capacity Development
Promoting Technological Capacity and Transfer
Supporting Research and Development
Providing Risk Insurance

Capital Injection/Provision

Oil and gas projects and services are capital intensive. Hence, financial capacity is vital to drive growth inside the industry. Given the increased participation of domestic investors in Nigeria’s coal and oil industry, naturally, to remain saddled while using responsibility to deliver the capital required to push industry growth.

As at 2012, Nigerians had acquired from IOC’s about 80 from the OMLs/OPLs (30 percent with the licences) and approximately 30 on the oil marginal fields awarded within the Industry. Dangote Group is now undertaking a $14 billion refinery project, partly sponsored by way of a consortium of Nigerian banks. Another Nigeria company, Eko Petrochem & Refining Company Limited, can be undertaking a $250 million modular refinery project. In the midstream sector in the industry, there are lots of indegenous owned transport vessels and storage facilities; and within the downstream sector, domestic investors are actively involved inside marketing and sale of refined crude oil as well as its by-products with the filling stations located across Nigeria, which filling stations are mainly owned and funded by Nigerians.

Capital is also necessary to fund education and training of Nigerians from the various sectors on the Industry. Education and training are crucial in filling the gaps inside the country’s domestic technological and technical know-how. Thankfully, Nigeria is now offering institutions solely for gas and oil prices industry related studies. Furthermore, indigenous coal and oil companies, in partnership with IOC’s, now undertake waste training for Nigerians in several areas in the industry.

However, funding in the domestic investors isn’t adequate as compared to the financial needs on the Industry. This inadequacy will not be a function of financial incapacity of domestic investors, but a result of the overbearing presence with the FGN over the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) being a player inside the industry; together with regulatory bottlenecks for instance pump price regulations that inhibit the injection of capital inside downstream sector.

Personnel and Technical Capacity Improvement

Oil and gas projects in many cases are highly technical and sophisticated. As a result, there exists a high demand for technically skilled professionals. To sustain the growth in the industry, domestic investors must fill the capability gap through training, hands-on experience inside execution of industry projects, management or operation of already established facilities and receiving the necessary international certifications for example ISO certification 2015 and American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) certification. There are currently domestic firms that undertake projects including exploration and manufacturing of crude oil, engineering procurement construction, drilling, fabrication, installations, oil by-products shipping and logistics, offshore fabrication-vessel building and repair, welding and craft advertising and marketing. Recently, Nigerians participated inside the in-country fabrication of six modules in the Total Egina Floating Production Storage Offloading (PSO) vessel and integration with the modules within the FPSO for the SHI-MCI yard.

Technological Capacity and Transfer

Technological capacity in the gas and oil industry is primarily linked to managerial competence in project management and compliance, the assurance of international quality standards in project execution and operational maintenance. Hence to create technological competency starts off with in-country growth and development of management capacities to build the pool of skilled personnel. A particular research found that there’s a vast knowledge gap between domestic companies and IOC’s. And ‘that indigenous oil companies experienced fundamental not enough quality management, limited compliance with international quality standards, and poor preventive and operational maintenance attitudes, which cause poor repair of oil facilities.’

To effectively play their role in enhancing the technological capacity inside Industry, domestic companies started partnering with IOC’s in project construction and execution and operational maintenance. For instance, as said before, domestic companies partnered through an IOC within the successful realization in-country fabrication of six modules on the Total Egina Floating Production Storage Offloading (FPSO) vessel and integration from the modules around the FPSO for the SHI-MCI yard. Other instances include: the primary assembled-in-Nigeria Subsea Horizontal Xmas Tree plus the fabrication; installing of subsea equipment like flexible flowlines, umbilicals and jumpers on Agbami Phase 3 project; Installation of 32km 24″ Sonam to Okan NWP pipeline; the fabrication and load-out from the Okan PRP Topsides; Bridge Fabrication of Okan PRP jacket, as well as others.

It is typical knowledge that considering that the enactment on the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development (NOGICD) Act this year, all projects executed over the sectors on the Industry have experienced the active involvement of Nigerians. The Act ensured an increase in technological and technical capacities, but in addition a gradual means of technology transfer through the IOC’s to Nigerians. The Act in the Schedule reserved specific Industry services to domestic companies. The rate of involvement along with the quality of services of Nigerians has grown tremendously with all the result that these days there are many domestic oil servicing firms.

In this digital age using music in web-based presentations, business applications, offerings has a quantity of legal implications in your case and your business. Minimising copyright issues is usually relatively simple along with a little information about music licensing can set you off from the right direction whilst keeping you safe money for hard times.

This two-part article provides a basic perception of music licensing plus the royalties included within a license agreement. It will benefit you when licensing music which is a place to start for more in-depth research.

What Is A License And Why Is It Needed?

Put simply, you’ll need a license you need music legally. Whether you might be using music fitness center in an advert project it may need a license. In the illustration showing home use, the CD you acquire from a music store is really a license to concentrate for your own personal pleasure. You are not competent to reproduce it or broadcast it the slightest bit.

If you intend to use music in your business or in the commercial project you need to get the relevant licenses dependant upon your usage. The fee you will need to pay will vary dependant upon the scope of one’s project and regardless of if the music is mainstream.

Arranging clearance to utilize mainstream music may be a complicated process and may require a large budget. In comparison, using original music from an unbiased composer is easier to license and may easily fit into your financial allowance.

Basic Parts Of A Music License The Agreement

When you acquire a license you’re paying a fee to own certain rights sent to you to get a defined period. This is governed by the conditions of the agreement. Your agreement will detail where you can use the background music and will also talk about the limits or restrictions in the license. The copyright won’t become yours, it remains using the composer – you could have only been assigned some in the rights.

Exclusivity

Music might be licensed while on an exclusive or non-exclusive arrangement.

An exclusive agreement means that you might be the sole user in the life with the agreement and who else can use it for a similar purpose.

Non-exclusive usage implies that anyone can license the songs at anytime.

Territory

Music is traditionally licensed within certain territories from the world. This is because the royalty collection societies have a tendency to operate in their own country as an alternative to globally.

Recently, there is an increase in digital delivery of music with agreements covering worldwide use that bypass the royalty collection societies.

Strange but true, some license agreements even make allowances for intergalactic use!

Term

The term may be the period of time that you are capable of license the tunes for. This is usually from less than one day or approximately 100 years.

Synchronisation Rights In order to include music within a product or production you could have to pay what is known as the synchronisation or sync fee. There are no standard prices set from the industry to get a sync fee and also the fee could be open to negotiation.

Mechanical Royalty

The mechanical royalty covers the variety of duplications you need to make of your respective product. The mechanical royalty collecting societies have set rates of these, however, some composers / companies are actually starting make use of digital delivery and may license music directly without making use of the collecting societies. This can ensure you get a better deal and provide you with the rights to create a specified amount of reproductions inside the license agreement.

Performance

Performance royalties are due anytime music is broadcast online, TV, radio, podcasts, etc, or played at public exhibitions, events, public houses etc.

Quite usually a license agreement will exclude coverage of those, turning it into the responsibility on the person or company broadcasting the background music. This involves paying an extra fee on the performance royalty collecting societies. Many Royalty Free licenses are employed this manner.

There are occasions certainly where an company or composer covers the performance element inside license fee you spend, but you might have to be clear about it, either by negotiating together with the composer or checking the small before purchasing.

A written agreement coming from a property owner along with the tenant is required to clearly reflect whatever they agreed on. It defines the protection under the law and obligations of both tenant and house owner and gives either side protection in the case of a dispute.

However, it’s drawn up using the idea of preventing disputes from happening to begin with considering that the parties involved have signed it and may have read it thoroughly before doing this. Having this protection is right to ensuring an optimistic landlord and tenant relationship.

The basic stipulations usually stated around the written agreement include the rental fee, rent timeline, payment method, late charges and fee for returned cheques (if applicable), quantity of deposit and its particular terms, responsibility of utilities, property and premises maintenance, the use of the rental period, rent increases, conditions for termination with the agreement, and policy on dispute resolution.

Some written agreements have other inclusions for example rules on parking, pets, smoking, fixtures and appliances, responsibility of repairs, rules on subletting, rules on boarders, stipulations on snow clearing or grass cutting, along with agreements specific on the property. The written agreement must also have the contact info of both tenant and house owner.

A more comprehensive agreement may also state how disputes can be resolved. Covered listed here are what to do inside the instance of failure to spend rent for the part on the tenant as well as the proper eviction procedures to be followed by the owner of a house.

There are in fact many sites that contain these forms designed for free download. When using a ready-made form downloaded online, always modify it in line with your location and specific needs. The rules on landlord and tenant rights will be different from state to state. If you may still find doubts upon reading the downloaded form, consult legal counsel.

If you want/need to rent a van, you will need to consider all the facts. Below are some serious considerations and questions you may want to ask.

Exactly what sized vehicle do you want?

The items you probably must take with you.
Be sensible regarding the amount room you will require and evaluate big objects.
Look into your room about the van if you're in question use a bigger van given it will save you from making repetitive trips that can cost you time and also cash.
A bigger van are often more expensive to get started with yet could possibly be less expensive eventually.

How some people will be driving the vehicle?

Be sure there is enough seating for the people.
Many vans have sitting for a few individuals so it is advisable to verify seating ahead of selecting.

Ensure you totally be aware of the actual forms and possess read the majority of stipulations

It is essential you have see the actual terms with the hiring contract and also comprehend what you can do and also are not able to do.
Do this before you sign the agreement and that means you will not get a large bill. Inquire about whatever you may be uncertain about from the terms.
Find out if you've got to return this van developing a full tank of gas.

What individuals might be operating this van?

You have to be sure that each of your companion operating the van is included from the insurance.
Many companies demand that a primary driver purchase the van by using a debit or plastic card in their particular name.
In case that one in the drivers is, below twenty-one verify there's not any limitations.
Several companies look for an extra charge when you are under a particular age as well as have recent traffic violations.
In addition, it's important for the driver to feel in addition to be qualified operating a van.

Exactly just what does the quoted amount include?

Verify what insurance policy are included inside agreement and whether you'll receive Accident Damage Waiver.
In the big event you are renting the van for an organization, you might like to buy your own individual insurance policies.
You should ask the organization leasing the van for you about this.

Examine the van ahead of leaving the hire provider location

Make sure you examine the van just before driving for virtually any kind of pre-existing damage or scratches.
A staff member that may have a description in the van in addition to dings and dents outlined creates this change inspection.
The both of you then inspect go around the van together and verify you might be aware of all marks and dents.
After that you simply sign a paper ensuring you might be aware of current dings and blemishes that are for the van during the time of rental.
If your contract says that van is going to employ a full tank of gas in which case you must make sure it can be full.

Using the van away from Country

Should you be thinking taking the van beyond your country, you should have to obtain authorization from a hire business, usually do not simply think that it really is Acceptable!
In addition for you to get permission on the hire company, you should also be sure that the insurance coverage is adequate for just a different Country.
Remember to look for the traveling regulations for any other country ahead of entering that country.

In case that you may ‘t be accustomed to driving a large van, don’t forget to take into consideration. Ask yourself if you’re secure enough to take care of any van in this size, on roadways that you are not used to and in all probability driving for the opposite side in the road from what you’re use to driving on.

It’s reputed that the two (2) most controllable expenses companies have are payroll and rent. One of the most effective tools company owners have will be able to effectively negotiate a lease using landlord. Here are Seven (7) strategies you need to use the next time your lease concerns term:

1. Engage a Commercial Real Estate Broker: Often commercial/industrial real estate investment transactions are multi-million dollar deals which have a significant affect on your business. Ask your agent to go into detail the process from beginning to end, from site selection to negotiating the relation to a lease agreement, receiving a certificate of occupancy or overseeing any improvement are employed in securing a whole new location. If your agent cannot describe this process in detail it will be wise to find another agent.
2. Do your Homework: Have the broker supply you a market survey for a minimum of three (3) completed lease transactions locally. Make sure the data includes any rent concessions and/or rent adjustments to help you calculate the effective lease rate. Verify there was clearly no tenant improvements that caused an boost in the rental rate e.g. the building of additional office. It’s important to determine what properties are available or leasing at which causes the area know if you have got a good deal you aren’t.
3. Be Aggressive, Not Offensive: If someone offered you $100 on your car might you take them serious? The majority of homeowners are very sophisticated. You are hurting your bargaining power by presenting what could be perceived being an offensive offer. Rather than offer 50 % of what the property should lease for nowadays, use at 70% and also ask for 30 days of free rent for any twelve month period contingent giving you meeting all lease obligations punctually. Ask that this rent not increase greater than the percentage surge in the consumer price index. Ask for virtually every improvements forced to put the property in the first class condition. Request early possession as well as any other rent concessions you can imagine. Include putting a cost stop on any CAM or move across expenses. By doing this you might be giving yourself other places in which to negotiate an encouraging lease.
4. Look for Hidden Rate Expenses: You can make hidden expenses part of your negotiations. The lease allows the dog owner to move through certain expenses incurred by the proprietor such as the rise in property taxes, premiums, insurance deductibles, maintenance items, service agreements, common area charges, roof cleaning and graffiti removal only to name a few. You will not be capable of escape these expenses generally in most buildings you lease, however, make these expenses area of the negotiations. In every deal structured you will find there’s give and take relationship. Make sure the property owner is aware what amount you’re giving.
5. Show Financial Statements: Make sure the dog owner knows it is possible to pay the rent however big or profitable your small business is. We always find business people who want to keep their financial information confidential that is understandable, however, submitting a lease proposal is the identical with getting a loan from the bank. As property holders, are aware that we are additional aggressive in accommodating get a tenant we understand can spend the money for rent in the building. If your credit is questionable we’ve got to receive a higher rent and extra security deposit to counterbalance the risk. Most Lease agreements have to have the tenant to offer financial statements and taxation statements on annual basis when requested in the Owner regardless.
6. Condition of Premises: Most lease agreements allow some period of time following lease commences to inspect the premises for virtually every damage or components not in good working condition. Make sure your lease provides you with this right. If it does, you don’t have to make the healthiness of premises an integral part of your negotiations. This is a thing that can be handled following the tenant takes possession. If the landlord does not place the property in good working condition in a specified time ensure as a tenant you will find the right to create any needed repairs and offset this amount from the monthly rent owed.
7. Negotiating Improvements: Time and time again we percieve landlords and tenants make an effort to negotiate the money necessary for improvements, refurbishments, and/or building modifications without first knowing the cost is actually and the timing to accomplish this work. Secure a bid coming from a reputable contractor outlining the effort to be completed and associated cost which could also be connected to the lease as a possible exhibit.

While we list only seven (7) issues in this posting, it is by no means an entire list. Each transaction brings by it certain deal points that happen to be specific for the transaction itself. Choosing a competent, professional real estate property broker who focuses on your companies are the best decision you are able to make just to walk you through any lease agreement.

Many people spend copious amounts of time on cross word puzzles. Their almost addictive nature is due to the grammatical challenges they pose especially to individuals such as programmers and technicians. Other anyone else also discover them especially engaging. So what makes crossword puzzles so captivating?

Sharpen brain skills

Crossword puzzles are getting to be popular since they sharpen one’s brain capacity. Researchers have discovered mental performance has the capacity to function better if challenged continuously. A puzzle is amongst the ways to make this happen and also relax enjoy yourself at the same time.

Increases relaxation

Believe it or you cannot, submitting a crossword puzzle can give rise to your overall relaxation. Some people experience feelings of tranquility especially after the long day’s work. This is why we have seen many particularly those who do strenuous work are keen on diving for crosswords the minute they arrive home.

Mood enhancement

Indulging in crosswords has generated a change of mood for many people. Again if someone has had a stressful day, puzzles are already known to alter one’s mood for your better. This is especially so if someone has formed the habit.

Serenity moments

In today’s busy world, lots of people have a real problem finding time alone to wind down and recollect their thoughts. Medical experts dedicated to mental health report that having quality alone-time might be beneficial to one’s all-around health. For many, enjoying crossword puzzles is one means of finding some alone-time.

Builds analytical skills

Puzzles, with all of their complexities, train your brain to process complex thoughts. It also helps your head improve its critical thinking skills. Many are in complete agreement that there also a sharp mind needs training and seasoning then one of the most beneficial ways to do this is to double in crossword puzzles.

Crossword puzzles are available in many forms and types. There are some that test out your mathematical skills while some check your grammar skills. Those that look at your grammar skills tend to be more common. It is recommended that you test variations to see which ones are the most useful. With time, most people became good at identifying either the magazines or publications which have the best puzzles to fill.